Crop wild relatives are wild plant species that share a common ancestor with cultivated crops. They retain a level of genetic diversity that makes them an invaluable source of raw material for crop improvement. However, their availability for research purposes depends on the coverage and state of the germplasm collections maintained by genebanks.
Large numbers of wild potato species from Peru, the center of potato genetic diversity, are actually absent from these ex situ collections and should be categorized as “high priority” for further collecting, according to a new research published in PLOS ONE journal.
“Crop wild relatives have evolved under natural selection in their native range coming to be adapted to specific conditions such as high temperatures, salinity, and assorted pests and diseases,” explains Nora Castañeda-Álvarez, the lead author and scientist at CIAT’s Crop Wild Relatives (CWR) research team. “Such traits can be bred into crop plants, greatly benefiting agricultural production, but only if these germplasm resources are made available to breeders,” she adds.
The potato’s CWR are already widely used in global breeding programs, and their contribution to agriculture should only increase as breeders search for tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses and as the development of molecular tools and biotechnology makes the identification and utilization of diverse genetic materials more efficient. As agriculture faces climate change, their potential for utilization is such that the Global Crop Diversity Trust and the Millennium Seed Bank of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew in the UK are currently leading a project entitled “Adapting agriculture to climate change: collecting, protecting and preparing crop wild relatives.”
In the case of potato, one of the world’s most important food crops grown in over 125 countries, some wild species are sources of valuable traits offering resistance to frost and late blight, one of the most devastating potato diseases worldwide. The tuber crop has proven to be vulnerable to climate change, with growing areas moving upwards in the Andes, and a potential increase of pests and diseases due to rising temperatures. Habitat destruction is a main threat for continued in situ conservation of the potato’s CWR, particularly given the fact that many of them are highly endemic.
Under the umbrella of the CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB), scientists of the International Potato Center (CIP) and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) have collaborated and analyzed the state of ex situ conservation of 73 of the closest wild relatives of potato (Solanum section Petota): a “gap analysis” aimed to critically analyze the present-day representativeness of public genebank collections globally, determine high priority geographic areas for collecting CWR in order to fill the gaps in genebanks, and also to identify species that need attention for in situ conservation monitoring. Significant gaps were found in global ex situ collections: in order to address them, a total of 32 species (43.8%) were consequently assigned high priority for further collecting.
Wild potatoes (A. Salas/CIP)
“In remote areas of the Andean highlands, access to species was very limited,” explains Alberto Salas, an agronomist at the International Potato Center (CIP) who spent decades studying potato varieties and distribution in the Americas, collecting a wide array of wild potato germplasm. CIP has identified more than 4,300 different varieties of edible potatoes, along with numerous wild potatoes species (it is host to the largest potato collection in the world, with more than 7000 potato accessions safeguarded in its genebank). “Now road construction itself, along with climate change, can also represent a threat to these species as their habitat is changing,” Salas adds, before informing that: “The S. aymarasense can’t be found in Chalhuanca, Apurímac anymore since they built a road. Fortunately the species is in the CIP’s genebank. In Huancayo, department of Junín, the construction of the Pahual village has led to the disappearance of S. rhomboideilanceolatum.”
Also as a result of the analysis, a total of 20 and 18 wild potato species were assessed as medium and low priority for further collecting, respectively. Priorities for further collecting include:
- Species completely lacking representation in germplasm collections, specifically ayacuchense, S. olmosense and S. salasianum in Peru and S. neovavilovii in Bolivia.
- Other high priority species, with geographic emphasis on the center of species diversity, specifically 28 species that are currently present yet severely underrepresented in genebanks.
- Medium priority species that are needed for increasing the representativeness of the complete genepool in ex situ
According to the authors of the study, such collecting efforts are key steps in ensuring the long-term availability of the wild potato genetic resources. They should also be combined with increased efforts to improve ex situ conservation technologies and methods, perform genotypic and phenotypic characterization of wild relative diversity, monitor wild populations in situ, and make conserved wild relatives and their associated data accessible to the global research community.
“In times when new collection expeditions are difficult to conduct, climate change is a reality and habitat destruction is widespread, it is essential that in situ reserves are established,” says second author Stef de Haan. “In situ conservation is complementary to genebanks and can support ongoing evolution and adaptive shifts in population genetics,” he asserts.
Castañeda-Álvarez NP, de Haan S, Juárez H, Khoury CK, Achicanoy HA, Sosa CC, Bernau V, Salas A, Heider B, Simon R, Maxted N, Spooner DM (2015). Ex situ conservation priorities for the wild relatives of potato (Solanum L. section Petota). PLOS ONE
See also:
Poster with main highlights of this research: http://www.slideshare.net/CWRdiversity/gap-analysis-potato
Crop Wild Relatives and Climate Change website
By Véronique Durroux-Malpartida
Solanum incamayoense – A potato wild relative growing in a greenhouse of the INTA Balcarce research station for regeneration (Credit: Ariana Digilio/INTA, Balcarce)
